If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. |
|
|
Thread Tools | Display Modes |
#1
|
|||
|
|||
stevia to be approved and cyclamates limited by Food Standards Australia New Zealand: JMC Geuns critiques of two recent stevia studies by Nunes: Murray 2007.05.29
stevia to be approved and cyclamates limited by Food Standards
Australia New Zealand: JMC Geuns critiques of two recent stevia studies by Nunes: Murray 2007.05.29 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNMmessage/1437 http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/news...mullsc3567.cfm FSANZ mulls changes to food laws Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) today invited comment on proposed changes to the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - regulations that apply to all food sold in Australia and New Zealand. Among the changes being contemplated are the deletion of two antibiotics from the Code, the use of steviol glycosides and cyclamates as sugar substitutes, a genetically modified corn variety and a food additive for wine. FSANZ is inviting comment from the general public, the food industry, health professionals and government agencies on the proposed changes to the Code. FSANZ summarises all submissions in a final report and explains what action, if any, it has taken in response to issues raised in submissions. Steviol glycosides as intense sweeteners (Application A540 - Draft Assessment) The Plant Sciences Group of Central Queensland University and Australian Stevia Mills Pty Ltd have applied for the Code to be amended to allow the use of steviol glycosides as an intense sweetener for a wide variety of foods. Steviol glycosides extracted from the herbStevia rebaudianaare 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose. We have estimated the dietary exposure of consumers at the maximum levels proposed by the applicant and have concluded that there are no public health and safety concerns. Comment is invited. Review of cyclamate permissions (Proposal P287 - Draft Assessment) A FSANZ-commissioned survey in 2004 on the consumption of intense sweeteners in Australia and New Zealand concluded that the estimated dietary exposure of some consumers of cyclamate products for retail sale exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for cyclamate. The major contributors to estimated dietary cylcamate exposures were water-based flavoured drinks (eg. soft drinks, cordials). We are therefore intending to reduce the maximum permitted level for cyclamates in water-based flavoured drinks and to allow the use of cyclamates in tabletop sweeteners. We believe these measures will protect the public health and safety of consumers. We invite comment from all interested parties. Submissions: FSANZ welcomes public comment from industry, public health professionals, government agencies and consumers. Details of all the assessments above can be found on www.foodstandards.gov.au .. Submissions close on 4 July 2007 . Media contact: Lydia Buchtmann 0401 714 265 (Australia) or +61 401 714 265 (from New Zealand) [ See later in this post for extracts from 89-page review. ] From: Prof. Jan M. C. Geuns Date: Tuesday, May 29, 2997 1:32 am Stevioside is on the point of getting an approval in Australia and New Zealand! The draft of the authorisation is now on the website of FSANZ (23rd May). I would like to give some comments to the 2 Nonsense papers of the group of Nunes: 1) Comments to the paper of Nunes APM, De Mattos JCP, Ferreira- Machado SC, Nunes RM, Asad NR, Dantas FJS, Bezerra RJAC and Caldeira- de-Araujo C (2006). Biological effects of stevioside on the survival of Escherichia coli strains and plasmid DNA. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 293: 187-192. by Prof. Jan M.C. Geuns, Lab Functional Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Email: Fax: +32-16-321509 Recently, Nunes et al. (2006) studied the biological effects of stevioside (88.6 % purity) on the survival of E. coli strains and plasmid DNA. In vitro, stevioside at concentrations of 0, 0.4, 2, 4, 8, 15 and 20 mg/ml did not modify pUC 9.1 plasmid DNA conformation change from supercoiled to open circle and had no effect on the protection of DNA against deleterious effects of SnCl2. It did not produce DNA damage. In in vivo cell inactivation experiments, the authors tested only the highest stevioside concentration (20 mg/ml). They concluded that stevioside did not decrease the survival of WT E. coli strain AB1157. However, in different repair deficient strains it was able to generate lesions and recA dependent repair and base excision repair (BER) seemed to be the most important to cells. The authors hypothesised that to start the damage, stevioside should first be metabolised. Some comments to this last publication are the following: -- several authors have shown that steviol glycosides do not produce mutagenic effects, -- the stevioside used by the authors was only 88.6 % pure and only one concentration was tested in the cell inactivation experiment. It might well be that the effects observed were due to the impurities present. -- the concentration tested (20 mg/ml) is far above the reported solubility of purified stevioside (1.25 mg/ml). We tried to dissolve 99.9 % pure stevioside at 20mg/ml, but it crystallises when the solution is cooling down! However, it is possible to dissolve 88% pure stevioside due to the impurities that act as a cosolvent. -- Gardana et al. (2003) analysed the composition of fecal bacteria in relation with a metabolism study and found that only the group of bacteroides could degrade stevioside into steviolbioside which later on was converted to steviol. The claim of the Brazilian group of Nunes et al. (2006) hat E. coli metabolises stevioside to steviol is not correct and the citation of references 13, 15, 17 and 18 in their study to support this claim is wrong. Wingard et al. (1980) and Koyama et al. (2003b) studied the total intestinal microflora, Terai et al. (2002) prepared steviol by incubation of stevioside in an unidentified suspension of a soil bacterium strain, and Cardoso et al. (1996) never did incubation experiments to study stevioside breakdown! 2) Comments to the paper by Nunes et al. (2007), Analysis of genotoxic potentiality of stevioside by comet assay, Food Chem. Toxicol. 45 (2007) 662-666. by Prof. Jan M.C. Geuns, Lab Functional Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Email: Fax: +32-16-321509 Nunes et al. (2007) orally administered 1 concentration (4 mg/ml) of stevioside (88.6% purity) to Wistar rats. DNA-damage was evaluated by the comet assay. They reported lesions in peripheral blood, liver, brain and spleen cells, the most pronounced effects being in the liver. Some comments have to be made to this paper. First of all, the structure shown in their Figure 1b is not correct and it is not that of steviol, but that of ent-kaurenate. The authors used stevioside with a purity of only 88.6 % and they administered only 1 concentration, i.e. the dose-dependence was not tested at all. In their Tables 1 and 2 the SD's are very large, sometimes much larger than the mean itself! There was no positive control included in the experiment. As the authors performed tests over a period of 6 weeks, they should have included an internal standard to check the electrophoresis parameters over that long period. They did not refer to the excellent work by Sekihashi et al. (2002) and Sasaki (2000) who also tested stevioside and a large number of other compounds under strictly standardised conditions including dose dependency, a positive and negative control, and who did not find DNA damage by steviol glycosides nor by steviol. Moreover, Sekihashi et al. (2002) also tested stomach and colon cells, and this is very relevant as steviol glycosides are not absorbed (Koyama et al., 2003, Geuns et al., 2003). The authors refer to a metabolism study of IV injected 131I- stevioside. This metabolism might totally differ from that after oral uptake, and the 131I might give a totally different metabolism. The metabolism of oral stevioside has been thoroughly studied by Simonetti et al. (2004) and Geuns et al. (2004, 2006, 2007) and it was shown that there is no accumulation or metabolism of steviol in the human body, except steviol glucuronide synthesis that is excreted in the urine. The scores of the control blood cells (their Fig. 2) vary from 0.6 ± 1.34 to up to 27 ± 13.3 at 6 weeks and increase and decrease at different time points (observe the values of the SD too). The authors suggest stress as the possible cause. However, this seems unbelievable and a lack of standardisation by use of an internal standard, and a lack of control of the quality of the feed, that might contain mutagenic compounds, seem more likely. Finally, the p-value discussed on p. 664, left column line 11 (p0.001) is different from that in Table 1 (p0.01). Geuns JMC, Augustijns P, Mols R, Buyse JG and Driessen B (2003). Metabolism of stevioside in pigs and intestinal absorption characteristics of Stevioside, Rebaudioside A and Steviol. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41: 1599-1607. Geuns JMC, Buyse J, Vankeirsbilck A and Temme L (2004). Safety of stevioside used as a sweetener, in Geuns JMC and Buyse J Eds. "Proceedings of the first symposium on the Safety of Stevioside". KULeuven, 2004. Euprint Editions ISBN 9074253024. Geuns JMC, Buyse J, Vankeirsbilck A, Temme EHT, Compernolle F and Toppet S (2006). Identification of Steviol Glucuronide in Human Urine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 2794-2798. Geuns JMC, Buyse J, Vankeirsbilck A, Temme EHT (2007). Stevioside Metabolism by Human Volunteers. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232 (1): 164-173. Koyama E, Kitazawa K, Ohori Y, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M (2003a). In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, Stevia mixture and enzymatically modified Stevia in human intestinal microflora. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41: 359-374. Koyama E, Sakai N, Ohori Y, Kitazawa K, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A and Ui M (2003b). Absorption and metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, Stevia related compounds in human and rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41: 875-883. Sasaki YF, Sekihashi K, Izumiyama F, Nishidate E, Saga A, Ishida K and Tsuda S (2000). The Comet Assay with Multiple Mouse Organs: Comparison of Comet Assay Results and Carcinogenicity with 208 Chemicals Selected from the IARC Monographs and U.S. NTP Carcinogenicity Database. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 30 (6): 629-799. Sekihashi K, Saitoh H and Sasaki YF (2002). Genotoxicity studies of Stevia extract and steviol by the comet assay. J. Toxicol. Sc. 27 supplement I: 1-8. Simonetti P, Gardana C, Bramati L and Pietta PG (2004). Bioavailability of Stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana in human volunteers: preliminary report p 51-62, in Geuns, JMC and Buyse J Eds. "Proceedings of the first symposium on the Safety of Stevioside". KULeuven, Euprint Editions ISBN 9074253024, pp. 127. www.foodstandards.gov.au/ Food Standards Australia New Zealand FSANZ Australia: Boeing House 55 Blackall Street BARTON ACT 2600 Ph: +61 2 6271 2222 Fax: +61 2 6271 2278 Reception: PO Box 7186 Canberra BC ACT 2610 Australia Information/Publications Officer: For: Copies of publications, fact sheets and brochures; Website enquiries; Consumer enquiries. Standards Management Officer: for: making an application; progress with the assessment of applications or proposals or completed applications; making submissions on applications and proposals which have been released for public comment; Gazettal of amendments to the Code. New Zealand: Level 6 108 The Terrace WELLINGTON NEW ZEALAND Ph: +64 4 473 9942 Fax: +64 4 473 9855 PO Box 10559 The Terrace, Wellington 6036 New Zealand email: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/stan...0stevi3096.cfm Application A540 - Stevol Glycosides as Intense Sweeteners Draft Assessment Report - 23 May 2007 [ word | pdf 584 kb ] Inital / Draft Assessment Report - 7 December 2005 [ word | pdf 187 kb ] http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_src..._DAR_FINAL.pdf 89 pages pag1 3-07 23 May 2007 DRAFT ASSESSMENT REPORT APPLICATION A540 STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES AS INTENSE SWEETENERS DEADLINE FOR PUBLIC SUBMISSIONS: 6pm (Canberra time) 4 July 2007 SUBMISSIONS RECEIVED AFTER THIS DEADLINE WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED (See 'Invitation for Public Submissions' for details) For Information on matters relating to this Assessment Report or the assessment process generally, please refer to http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/standardsdevelopment/ pages 87-89 Attachment 5 Summary of Submissions Initial Assessment Sixteen submissions were received in response to the Initial Assessment Report. Fourteen submissions supported the progression of the Application to Draft Assessment with industry submissions strongly supporting the approval of steviol glycosides as an intense sweetener. Two submissions suggested deferring the Draft Assessment until after JECFA had evaluated the additional studies requested at its 63rd meeting. Submitter Comments Complementary Healthcare Council (CHC) The CHC has no concerns with the progression of this application. Department of Human Services Victoria (DHS) DHS notes steviol glycosides are not permitted for use in the EU or USA, however, are approved and used in other countries. DHS will provide further comment at the Draft Assessment stage after reviewing the toxicological and dietary modelling data. Crop & Food Research New Zealand Crop & Food Research New Zealand support A540 based on Initial Assessment. It is noted that safety literature has not been examined by Crop and Food Research. DIC International (Australia) Pty. Ltd. DIC International strongly supports A540. DIC International also provided additional information including: · history and manufacturing process of stevia; · merits and defects of stevia as a sweetener; · metabolism of stevia; · some additional Toxicological information; and · countries where stevia is approved for use. Fonterra Brands Australia (P& B) Fonterra Brands Australia (P & B) supports progression of A540 to Draft Assessment. Additional Comments: · Steviol glycosides would provide alternative intense sweeteners for use. · Consumer research shows interest in low caloric foods. · Suggest FSANZ may consider why this additive is not permitted for use in the US or Europe. SA Department of Health SA Department of Health has no objections to the progression of this application. 88 Submitter Comments New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) NZFSA supports A540 proceeding to Draft Assessment. Additional comments to consider in the Draft Assessment include: · only a temporary ADI has been set with JECFA waiting for further data (does this application contain the extra information requested by JECFA?); · consideration needs to be given to JECFA concerns regarding pharmacological effects particularly in relation to Type I & II diabetics; · NZFSA believe dietary modelling needs to consider exposure from table top sweeteners; · NZFSA is aware of a dietary supplement sold in NZ as 'Stevia Dietary Supplement' which contains 60 mg Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni extract per 1g serving; and · NZFSA suggests clarification be sough status of stevia from the Novel Foods Reference Group. New Zealand Juice & Beverage Association Inc (NZJBA) NZJBA support A540. NZJBA believe that this will extend the number of approved sweeteners available increasing consumer choice. Australian Beverages Council Ltd (ABCL) ABCL supports approval of steviol glycosides as a food additive. Additional comments: · Temporary JECFA ADI is based on a 200-fold safety factor assuming a mid-dose of 970 mg/kg of stevioside was the NOEL in rat carcinogenicity study. ABCL and the University of Queensland believe it to based on a NOEL of 2,000 mg/kg. Believe the ADI can safely be assessed at 4 times that set by JECFA · ABCL requests FSANZ approves a use level of steviol glycosides at 1000 ppm in water based flavoured beverages and fruit and vegetable juice products. ABC note that milk and soy containing beverages will require more stevia sweeteners because of their protein and fat contents and request amount permitted to be 1000 ppm. · ABCL suggests dietary modelling should be conservative in assumptions of market use. They suggest dietary modelling should be based on current uses of aspartame and other approved sweeteners are appropriate. · ABCL believes that JECFA's assessment of steviol glycosides replacing 20-30% of sugar is very optimistic market assessment. · ABCL believe there will be consumer benefit through controlled energy intake while enjoying food and beverages. · ABCL also notes the potential development of a new agricultural crop for Australia. 89 Submitter Comments Australian Stevia Mills Supports application A540. Additional comments · Stevia is a safe natural alternative to artificial sweeteners · Stevia does not promote calories · Stevia is safe to use in baked products and products with varying pH. · Currently no artificial sweeteners are locally owned products, potential cash crop for Australia. Successful trials in Eastern states of Australia. · The federal government supports development of stevia through projects under RIRDC. · Potential stakeholder benefits to federal and state governments, diabetic and obese people, general public in reducing dental caries Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC) Supports A540 - Steviol glycoside as an intense sweetener. Health & Herbs Ltd Supports A540 - Steviol glycoside as a sweetener Queensland Health -Environmental Health Unit Believe FSANZ should defer further assessment until 2007 when additional studies on pharmacological effects of the sweetener (required by FAO/WHO). Suggest delay will not be significant to industry as other intense sweeteners are available. Also notes that EU and USA do not currently permit steviol glycosides. Cadbury Schweppes Supports A540 - Steviol glycosides as a sweetener in a broad range of products NSW Food Authority Recommends waiting for further toxicological data required by JECFA. Notes that the NFRG formed the view that stevia is a novel food, therefore the novelty of this food will need to be assessed Food Technology Association of Victoria Inc Supports A540 - Steviol glycosides as a sweetener page 33 Conclusions This review of supplementary data indicated that stevioside is metabolised completely to steviol in the gastrointestinal tract, which is absorbed into the blood stream and then exerts a pharmacological effect by lowering blood pressure and blood glucose. While the precise mechanism of pharmacological action remains to be defined, stevioside is unlikely to produce hypoglycaemia or hypotension in humans at concentrations encountered in the diet. Studies previously reviewed by JECFA confirm the low toxicity potential of stevioside. On this basis, there are unlikely to be any safety issues associated with the use of stevioside as a sweetener. No suitable human study was identified that could serve as a basis of an ADI for stevioside. However, steviol glycosides are well tolerated and unlikely to have adverse effects on blood pressure, blood glucose or other parameters in normal, hypotensive or diabetic subjects at doses up to 11 mg/kg bw/day. The adequacy of the existing database and a new study in humans provides a basis for revising the uncertainty factors that were used by JECFA to derive the temporary ADI for steviol glycosides in 2005. In particular, the evidence surrounding the pharmacological effects of steviol glycosides on blood pressure and blood glucose has been strengthened so that the additional 2-fold safety factor for uncertainty related to effects in normotensive or diabetic individuals is no longer required. As the ADME data indicated that stevioside is completely converted to steviol in animals and humans, the ADI is expressed in terms of steviol equivalents. This allows for any variability in the individual glycosides in mixtures of steviol glycoside extracts (e.g. different ratios of stevioside/rebaudioside) to be accounted for by the ADI being expressed in steviol equivalents. Therefore, based on this complete metabolism, a conversion factor of 40% from the steviol glycoside, stevioside (relative molecular mass: stevioside, 805; steviol, 318) to steviol is used to calculate the ADI. Therefore a full ADI of 4 mg/kg bw/day, derived by applying a 100-fold safety factor to the NOEL of 970 mg/kg bw/day (equivalent to 383 mg/kg bw/day steviol) in a 2-year rat study, has been established. At the next highest dose equivalent to 2000 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day in males and female rats, respectively reduced bodyweight gain and survival were observed. REFERENCES Abudula R, Jeppesen PB, Rolfsen SED et al (2006) Rebaudioside A potently stimulates secretion from isolated mouse islets: studies on the dose, glucose and calcium- dependency. Metabolism, 53, 1378-1381. Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G et al (2006) Lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides as a sweetener in humans. Studies on repeated exposures in normotensive and hypotensive individuals and Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Unpublished report. Bopp and Price P (2001) Cyclamate: In: O-Brien Nabors L. eds. Alternative Sweeteners: Third Edition revised and Expanded. Chapter 5. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 63-85. Chan P, Tomlinson B, Chen YJ et al (2000) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 50, 215-20. Chen TH, Chen SC, Chan P et al (2005) Mechanism of the hypoglycaemic effect of stevioside a glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Planta Med., 71, 108-113 Chen J, Jeppesen PB, Abudula R et al (2006) Stevioside does not cause increased basal insulin secretion or -cell desensitisation as does sulphonylurea, glibenclamide: studies in vit ro Life Sciences, 78, 1748-1753. Ferri LAF, Alves-Do-prado W, Yamada SS et al (2006) Investigation of the anti-hypertensive effect of oral crude stevioside in patients with mild hypertension. Phytotherapy Research, 20, 732-736. Ferreira EB, Neves F, Da Costa MAD (2006) Comparative effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and stevioside on glycaemia and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Planta Med., 72, 691-696. Gardana C, Simonetti P, Canzi E et al (2003) Metabolism of stevioside and rebaudioside A from stevia rebaudiana extracts by human microflora. J Agric Food Chem, 51, 6618-6622. Geuns JMC, Augustijns P, Mols R et al (2003) Metabolism of stevioside in pigs and intestinal absorption characteristics of stevioside, rebaudioside A and steviol. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 41, 1599-1607. Geuns JMC (2004) Review: The safety of stevioside used as a sweetener. Proceedings of the first symposium on the safety of stevioside. Kuleuven, 16 April 2004. Chapter 9, pp. 85-127. Geuns JMC and Pietta P (2004) Stevioside metabolism by human volunteers (unpublished report). Laboratory Functional Biology, Kuleuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg. Belgium. Geuns, J.M., Buyse, J., Vankeirsbilck, A., Temme, E.H., Compernolle, F., Toppet, S. (2006a). Identification of steviol glucuronide in human urine. J Agric Food Chem, 5, 2794-2798. Geuns JMC, Buyse J, Vankeirsbilck A et al (2006b) Metabolism of stevioside in healthy subjects. Unpublished report. Laboratory Functional Biology, Kuleuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg. Belgium. Goto A and Clemente E (1998) Influence of rebaudioside on the solubility and flavour of stevioisde. Food Science and Technology, v18, Jan/April edition. Gregersen S, Jepperson PB, Holst JJ and Hermansen K (2004) Antihyperglycemic effects of stevioside in type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism, 53, 73-76. Hanson JR and Oliveira BH (1993) Stevioside and related sweet diterpenoid glycosides. Nat. Prod. Rep, 10, 301-309. Hong J, Chen L, Jeppesen PB (2006) Stevioside counteracts the -cell hypersecretion caused by longterm palmitate exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 290, E416-E422. Hsieh MH, Chan P, Yuh-Mou S et al (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo- controlled study. Clinical Therapeutics, 25, 2797-2808. Abstract only. Hutapea AM, Toskulkao C, Buddhasukh D et al (1997) Digestion of stevioside, a natural sweetener, by various digestive enzymes. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 23, 177-186. Hutapea AM, Toskulkao C, Wilairat P and Buddhasukh D (1999) High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification of stevioside and its metabolites. J. Liq. Chrom. & Rel. Technol, 22, 1161-1170. Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Poulsen CR and Hermansen K (2000) Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin: actions independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+-channel activity. Metabolism, 49, 208-14. Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup KK and Hermansen K (2002) Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo: studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomedicine, 9, 9-14. Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup KK and Hermansen K (2003) Antihyperglycemic and blood pressure-reducing effects of stevioside in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat. Metabolism Clinical & Experimental, 53, 372-378. Koyama E, Sakai N, Ohori Y et al (2003a) Absorption and metabolism of glycosidic sweeteners of stevia mixture and their aglyocne, steviol, in rats and humans. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 41, 875-883. Koyama E, Kitazawa Y, Ohori O et al (2003b) In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 41, 359-374. Lailerd N, Saengsirisuwan V, Sloniger JA et al (2004) Effects of stevioside on glucose transport activity in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Metabolism Clinical & Experimental, 53, 101-107. Lee CN, Wong KL, Liu JC (2001) Inhibitory effect of stevioside on calcium influx to produce antihypertension. Planta Medica, 67, 796-799 Liu JC, Kao PK, Chan P et al (2003) Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of stevioside in anaesthetised dogs. Pharmacology (Basel), 67, 14-20 Melis MS (1996) A crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana increases the renal plasma flow of normal and hypertensive rats. Brazilian J Med Biol Res, 29, 669-675 Nabors LO (2001) Alternative Sweeteners, Calorie Control Council, Marcel Dekker Inc. 3nd Edition (pp 167-183). Nakayama K, Kasahara D and Yamamoto F (1986) Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of stevioside in rats. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn., 27, 1-8. Simonetti P, Gardana C, Bramati L and Pietta PG (2004) Bioavailability of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana in humans: preliminary report. Proceedings of the first symposium on the safety of stevioside. Kuleuvan. Euprint Editions ISBN. Starratt AN, Kirby CW, Pocs R and Brandle JE (2002) Rebaudioside F, a diterpene glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochemistry, 59, 367-370. Sung LH (2002) Report on the pharmacokinetic studies of T100 Sunstevia 95% stevioside in rats. Sunlabel Pty Ltd, 21 Marsiling Industrial Estate, Road 9, Singapore 739175. Unpublished report. Temme EH, Vankeirsblick A and Buyse J. A short term study of stevioside in healthy subjects. Proceedings of the first symposium on the safety of stevioside. Kuleuven, 16 April 2004. Chapter 7, p 63 -74. Totté, N., Charon,L., Rohmer, M., Compernolle, F., Baboeuf, I., Geuns, J.M.C., 2000. Biosynthesis of the diterpenoid steviol, an ent-kaurene derivative from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Tetrahedron Letters 41, 6407-6410. Wang LZ, Goh BC, Fan L and Lee HS (2004) Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for determination of steviol in rat plasma. Rapid. Commun. Mass. Spectrom., 18, 83086. WHO (1999) Safety evaluation of certain food additives (stevioside). Food Additives Series No. 42, WHO, Geneva. WHO (2005) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Sixty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). (steviol glucosides). WHO Technical Report Series No. 928, WHO, Geneva. Wingard RE, Brown JP, Enerlin FE et al (1980) Intestinal degradation and absorption of the glycosidic sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A. Experientia, 36, 519-520. Wong KL, Lin JW, Liu JC (2006) Antiproliferative effect of isosteviol on angiotension-II-treated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Pharmacology, 76, 163-169. /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1436 FDA's corrupt war against safe herbal sweetener stevia, Mary Nash Stoddard, 2006 January, Aspartame Consumer Safety Network: Murray 2007.05.24 [ See also: stevia, balanced factual detailed review in Wikipedia: Murray 2007.05.19 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1430 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1419 two recent warning studies on stevia toxicity on rats and bacteria, AP Nunes et al, 2007 April, 2006 Dec, links to 18 positive abstracts from 2000 February to 2004 January: Murray 2007.05.03 At the end of this post, I link to my 5 previous reviews in 2005 August that give 18 full abstacts in PubMed on stevia toxicity from 2000 February to 2004 January, which do not find that stevia is practically toxic to humans in ordinary use -- and give an opposite positive abstract using the Comet assay in 2002 December, and then share the conclusion from the full text of another study on mutagenicity, T Terai et al 2002 July. ] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1427 more from The Independent, UK, Martin Hickman, re ASDA (unit of Wal-Mart Stores) and Marks & Spencer ban of aspartame, MSG, artificial chemical additives and dyes to prevent ADHD in kids: Murray 2007.05.16 http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/hea...cle2548747.ece http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1426 ASDA (unit of Wal-Mart Stores WMT.N) and Marks & Spencer will join Tesco and also Sainsbury to ban and limit aspartame, MSG, artificial flavors dyes preservatives additives, trans fats, salt "nasties" to protect kids from ADHD: leading UK media: Murray 2007.05.15 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1271 combining aspartame and quinoline yellow, or MSG and brilliant blue, harms nerve cells, eminent C. Vyvyan Howard et al, 2005 education.guardian.co.uk, Felicity Lawrence: Murray 2005.12.21 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1277 50% UK baby food is now organic -- aspartame or MSG with food dyes harm nerve cells, CV Howard 3 year study funded by Lizzy Vann, CEO, Organix Brands, Children's Food Advisory Service: Murray 2006.01.13 formaldehyde as a potent unexamined cofactor in cancer research -- sources include methanol, dark wines and liquors, aspartame, wood and tobacco smoke: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans implicate formaldehyde in #88 and alcohol drinks in #96: some related abstracts: Murray 2007.05.15 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1417 aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde) toxicity research summary: Rich Murray 2007.05.29 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1404 One liter aspartame diet soda, about 3 12-oz cans, gives 61.5 mg methanol, so if 30% is turned into formaldehyde, the formaldehyde dose of 18.5 mg is 37 times the recent EPA limit of 0.5 mg per liter daily drinking water for a 10-kg child: http://www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/F...de_summary.pdf 2007.01.05 [ does not discuss formaldehyde from methanol or aspartame ] http://www.epa.gov/teach/teachsurvey.html comments "Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority, to actively find, quickly share, and positively act upon the facts about healthy and safe food, drink, and environment." Rich Murray, MA Room For All 505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages group with 75 members, 1,437 posts in a public, searchable archive http://RMForAll.blogspot.com http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1340 aspartame groups and books: updated research review of 2004.07.16: Murray 2006.05.11 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1395 Aspartame Controversy, in Wikipedia democratic encyclopedia, 72 references (including AspartameNM # 864 and 1173 by Murray), brief fair summary of much more research: Murray 2007.01.01 Dark wines and liquors, as well as aspartame, provide similar levels of methanol, above 120 mg daily, for long-term heavy users, 2 L daily, about 6 cans. Within hours, methanol is inevitably largely turned into formaldehyde, and thence largely into formic acid -- the major causes of the dreaded symptoms of "next morning" hangover. Fully 11% of aspartame is methanol -- 1,120 mg aspartame in 2 L diet soda, almost six 12-oz cans, gives 123 mg methanol (wood alcohol). If 30% of the methanol is turned into formaldehyde, the amount of formaldehyde, 37 mg, is 18.5 times the USA EPA limit for daily formaldehyde in drinking water, 2.0 mg in 2 L average daily drinking water. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1286 methanol products (formaldehyde and formic acid) are main cause of alcohol hangover symptoms [same as from similar amounts of methanol, the 11% part of aspartame]: YS Woo et al, 2005 Dec: Murray 2006.01.20 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1143 methanol (formaldehyde, formic acid) disposition: Bouchard M et al, full plain text, 2001: substantial sources are degradation of fruit pectins, liquors, aspartame, smoke: Murray 2005.04.02 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
Thread Tools | |
Display Modes | |
|
|
Similar Threads | ||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
Mary Nash Stoddard and attorney Jim Turner won the first stevia war against the FDA, and started Aspartame Consumer Safety Network and Pilot Hotline in1987: Murray 2007.05.19 | Rich Murray | Low Carbohydrate Diets | 0 | May 20th, 2007 01:01 AM |
Stevia | Lass Chance | Low Carbohydrate Diets | 18 | June 15th, 2005 10:37 PM |
Stevia | Randi | Low Carbohydrate Diets | 10 | November 13th, 2004 06:00 AM |
Stevia | Laura B. | Low Carbohydrate Diets | 2 | April 20th, 2004 04:11 AM |
stevia | tom | Low Carbohydrate Diets | 2 | January 4th, 2004 08:17 PM |